Economic impact of tourism in the Mauritian economy

Economic impact of tourism in the Mauritian economy 4.1 Introduction Tourism is a major pillar of the Mauritian economy. According to estimates for 2010, the tourism industry has contributed Rs 39,456 million to the Mauritian economy and has provided direct employment to 27,161 workers. The contribution of tourism to GDP at basic price stands at 7.4% in 2010. This fact is indicative of the importance of the tourism sector to the Mauritian economy. To evaluate the impact of tourism on economic growth in Mauritius, a log-linear model will be estimated. However, economic growth may not be influenced only by tourism, but there are also other macro economic factors which may have an effect on growth. As such, these factors will be taken into consideration in the model. The model consists of standard variables such as Investment (INV), Exports (EXP) and Inflation (CPI), as well as one variable (TRP) which will be used to quantify the impact of tourism, such as tourism receipts. Real GDP per capita is used as a reference variable in order to demonstrate the impact of tourism on economic growth. 4.2 Types of Data 4.2.1Primary Data Primary data is collected on source and is not been subjected to processing or any other manipulation. The most common methods to collect primary data consist of surveys, interviews and focus groups. As such, primary research entails the use of immediate data and is collected by the researcher particularly to meet up the research objective of the subsisting project. Making use of primary data implies that researchers are collecting information for the specific purposes of their study. As such, the questions the researchers ask are tailored to extract the data that will help them with their study. However, it is time consuming and costly to collect such data. 4.2.2 Secondary Data Secondary data consists of pre-existing information which is not gathered for the purpose of the current research. Secondary data is readily available and inexpensive to obtain. In addition, such data can be examined over a longer period of time. Secondary data includes information from the census, a companys financial position and safety records such as their injury rates, or other government statistical information such as the number of workers in different sectors. In secondary data, information relates to a past period and as such, it lacks aptness and has unsatisfactory value. The drawback is that often the reliability, accuracy and integrity of the data is uncertain. However, it is easier to collect such data and longitudinal study may be possible. 4.3 Model Specification A simple log-linear Cobb-Douglass production function is used to measure the impact of tourism on economic growth in Mauritius. The equation is as follows: GDP = f (INV, TRP, CPI, EXP) Consider the following model, known as an exponential regression model: GDPt = ÃŽ ²0 INVt ÃŽ ²1 TRPt ÃŽ ²2 CPIt ÃŽ ²3 EXPt ÃŽ ²4 e ÃŽ µt (4.2.1) which may be expressed alternatively as lnGDPt = lnÃŽ ²0 + ÃŽ ²1lnINVt + ÃŽ ²2lnTRPt + ÃŽ ²3lnCPIt + ÃŽ ²4lnEXPt + ÃŽ µt (4.2.2) where ln is the natural log (i.e log to the base e, and where e = 2.7183) Equation 4.2.2 can be written as: lnGDPt = C + ÃŽ ²1lnINVt + ÃŽ ²2lnTRPt + ÃŽ ²3lnCPIt + ÃŽ ²4lnEXPt + ÃŽ µt (4.2.3) where C = lnÃŽ ²0 Therefore, the transformed model is: ln GDPt = C + ÃŽ ²1 ln INVt + ÃŽ ²2 ln TRPt + ÃŽ ²3 ln CPIt + ÃŽ ²4 ln EXPt + ÃŽ µt Where ln GDP: Log of real gross domestic product per capita ln INV : Log of investment ln TRP : Log of tourism receipts per capita ln CPI : Log of consumer price index used as a proxy for inflation ln EXP : Log of exports C : Constant term ÃŽ µt : White noise disturbance term In the above log-linear model, the dependent variable, GDP, is expressed as a linear function of four other independent variables, also known as the explanatory variables, namely INV, TRP, CPI and EXP. It is often assumed for such log-linear model that the causal relationships which may exist, flow only in one direction, namely from the explanatory variables to the dependent variable. The parameters of the model can be estimated by using the Ordinary Least Square method, if the assumptions of the classical linear regression model are fulfilled. As such, GDPt* = C + ÃŽ ²1 INVt* + ÃŽ ²2 TRPt* + ÃŽ ²3 CPIt* + ÃŽ ²4 EXPt* + ÃŽ µt where GDPt* = ln GDPt, INVt* = ln INVt, TRPt* = ln TRPt, CPIt* = ln CPIt, EXPt* = ln EXPt The coefficient of each of the four explanatory variables measures the partial elasticity of the dependent variable GDP with respect to that variable. As such, each of the partial regression coefficient ÃŽ ²1, ÃŽ ²2, ÃŽ ²3 and ÃŽ ²4 are the partial elasticities of GDP with respect to variables INV, TRP, CPI and EXP respectively. 4.4 Explanation of Variables 4.4.1Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Gross Domestic Product is used to assess the market value of all final goods and services produced during a given period of time within an economy. It also measures the total income of an economy and as such, it is often correlated with standard of living. GDP is used as a reference variable in order to assess the impact of tourism on economic growth in Mauritius. GDP is an important factor used to analyse the development of the tourism sector. As such, in case the tourism sector brings huge foreign earnings, there will be an increase in GDP, suggesting that the economy is flourishing. The GDP figures that are used for the regression have been adjusted for inflation using the GDP deflator. 4.4.2 Investment (INV) Investment, which is a major component of the gross domestic product of an economy, refers to the acquisition of new capital goods. A positive change in investment may lead to a positive change in income and output of an economy in the short run. Higher level of investment may contribute to aggregate demand while higher level of income may indirectly impact on consumer demand. Investment, which is an injection in the circular flow of income, is a useful tool to analyse the impact of tourism on the economy of Mauritius. Investment is expected to have the same impact on economic growth as propounded by empirical literature, such as Sargent and James (1997) who found a positive impact of physical capital and investment on growth in Canada over the period from 1947 to 1995. 4.4.3 Tourism Receipts (TRP) Tourism receipt is a major indicator of the contribution of the tourism sector to the local economy. Tourism receipt represents an inflow of foreign currency in the economy. Such receipts account for a major contribution to the gross domestic product of the Mauritian economy. As such, an increase in tourism earning is expected to have a positive impact on GDP. Most governments in developing countries encourage international tourism because such tourists bring capital to the country. Earnings of currencies permit governments to finance, at least in part, their development efforts. Tourism receipt is expected to impact positively on economic growth as postulated by Balaguer and Cantavella-Jorda (2002) or Dritsakis (2004) who claimed that economic growth and tourism are interrelated and established tourism as a driver of economic growth. 4.4.4 Inflation (CPI) Inflation is defined in economics as a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. As such, it is a sustained increase in the price level and it may be the consequence either of constant falls in aggregate supply or recurring increases in aggregate demand. As a result, inflation erodes the purchasing power of money, that is, there is a loss of real value in the internal medium of exchange and unit of account in the economy. An important measure of price inflation is the inflation rate, which can be calculated by taking the annualised percentage change in a general price index over time. This is referred to as the Consumer Price Index (CPI). In Mauritius, the Consumer Price Index is measured by computing the average change over time in the cost of a fixed basket of consumer goods and services. It represents changes over time in the general level of prices of goods and services acquired by Mauritian consumers. Inflation is then calculated by comparing the average level of prices during a 12-month period with the average level during the preceding 12-month period. One of the most fundamental objectives of macroeconomic policies of many countries, whether industrialised or developing, is to sustain high economic growth together with low inflation. Inflation can bring about uncertainty about the future profitability of investment projects particularly when high inflation is also linked with increased price variability. This would in turn generate more conservative investment strategies, which would ultimately result in lower levels of investment and economic growth. Inflation is expected to have a negative effect on growth as claimed by Barro (1995) who explored the inflation-economic growth relationship using a large sample covering more than 100 countries from 1960 to 1990. 4.4.5 Exports (EXP) Export entails the sale of goods and services produced in one country to other countries. There are two types of exporting: direct and indirect. For national accounts statistics, exports consist of transactions in goods and services from residents to non-residents. As such, an export of a good represents a change of ownership from a resident to a non-resident; this does not necessarily imply that the good in question physically crosses the frontier; while an export of services consists of all services rendered by residents to non-residents. The relationship between export growth, foreign direct investment and economic growth in both developed and developing countries is a question that continues to be of considerable interest. Cross-country trade and capital flows and interpreting the significance of these activities towards economic growth lie at the heart of the debate on economic development policy since the early literature on export and economic growth. Export is expected to impact positively on growth as postulated by Feder (1982), who mentioned that exports contribute to economic growth in a variety of ways: economies of scale and incentives for technological improvement. Thus, marginal factor productivities are expected to be higher in export industries than in non-export industries. 4.5 Data Sources For the purpose of this study, time series data has been used. A time series is an ordered chain of values of a variable at equally spaced time intervals. Time series analysis is used for economic and sales forecasting, budgetary analysis, inventory studies or stock market analysis. It encompasses techniques to investigate data in order to extract meaningful statistics and other characteristics of the data. A time series model indicates that observations close together in time will be more closely correlated than observations further apart. As such, time series models use the natural one-way ordering of time so that values for a given period can be expressed as deriving in some way from past values. Data has been collected for the period 1976 to 2009. Figures for the explanatory variables namely investment and exports and that for the dependent variable real gross domestic product were obtained from the Central Statistical Office. Data for inflation and tourism receipts was obtained from annual reports of the Bank of Mauritius. 4.6 Software The analysis of data will be done using the Microfit 4.0 software. Before carrying out the regression, the stationarity of the variable should be tested in order to avoid spurious results and invalidity of the model. The ARDL model will be evaluated. Furthermore, a co-integration test shall be performed to determine if an Error Correction Model (ECM) must be used.

Preaching to Every Pew: A Book Review Essay

Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The issue of immigration continues to be a thorny issue in the United States. The number of Hispanics and Asians is on the rise. Even if there are sectors in the society who want to limit the number of immigrants in the country, it can no longer be denied that immigrants play an increasing role in the fabric of the American society. Up to some extent, the authorities and the people in the society should be able to cope with this reality and make the best use of the situation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As different races enter the United States, culture becomes richer and more diverse. The society, including the churches, should take note of the changes brought about by this phenomenon and reach out to people belonging to different cultural backgrounds. This multicultural setting, however, is a difficult thing to handle. There are different issues that have to be understood and dealt with if the churches would like to be relevant to all people groups. After all, the church is not only a church for White people but the Lord Jesus Christ repeatedly stressed the universality of the Gospel and the brotherhood of all humans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cultural diversity includes differences in language—and this not only involves the grammar and modes of speaking and writing. Rather, there are subtle nuances and differences in expressing metaphors and meaning, which is inherent in every language. As such, those who speak English as a second language would not easily understand metaphors and idiomatic expressions in the English language.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition to this, every culture has different practices, which would seem incomprehensible or downright crazy to people from another culture. If the lenses of a particular culture were used to understand another, then the result would be conflict and misunderstanding. Dealing with Multiculturalism in the Church   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The churches are not spared from this difficulty of dealing with multiculturalism. However, unlike the corporate world that explores how to deal with multiculturalism, churches are floundering with their efforts to reach out to people belong to different cultures. With this reality in North America, Nieman and Rogers’ book â€Å"Preaching to Every Pew† is a timely advice and provides a blueprint in dealing with multiculturalism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The book is not merely the musings of two theorists. Rather, the authors did extensive research and interviews with pastors whose ministries are located in multicultural settings. Hence, their ministry is grounded in actual practice, thereby providing credence to the concepts and principles that they explore. Their approach is systematic and comprehensive. They cover all the major factors affecting the issue of multiculturalism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The authors explore hospitality as a theological mandate for pastors and church members to deal with the cultural diversity in their congregations. Indeed, throughout the Old Testament, hospitality[1] is an important commandment of God. In the New Testament, hospitality was extended to Jesus and eventually to the disciples as they propagated the world to different areas of the world. Their setting then was also multicultural. Jesus, himself, offers a great example of cross-cultural communication. When Jesus was in Samaria, he transcended cultural differences and social differences when he talked and ministered to the Samaritan woman. When he spoke to the woman, he used terms and cultural references that the woman could relate to. If he did not, then the chances are, the woman will not listen to him and simply dismiss his claims. By looking at the example of Christ, we can see his sensitivity as well as the way he considered the cultural background of the person he is talking to. Through these theological principles, then, Christians are reminded of their roots and how they can emulate the example of Jesus and of the early disciples in dealing with believers from other cultural settings. This discussion is then followed by an examination of different cultural â€Å"frames† of the congregation. Cultural Frames Affecting Diversity There are four different cultural frames that the author explored: ethnicity, economic class, geographical displacement, and religious belief. These cultural frames were used by the authors in explaining the nature and dynamics of multiculturalism in the church. Through carefully crafted chapters, the authors described the cultural frame under consideration. After such a description, they listed down misconceptions and dealt with them point by point. According to the authors, the concept of ethnicity is more comprehensive than the term â€Å"race† because the former takes into account the communal identities of peoples instead of merely taking note of colors and physical characteristics. In addition to this, people who move to the United States are usually displaced geographically because of economic needs—they do not have much opportunity to work in their countries. As such, they choose to risk their lives and their identities by coming to America. As a result of the displacement, they become disoriented and they might feel that they do not belong to the new society where they relocated. Even if they were Christians from their places of origin, they still find it difficult to assimilate themselves to the American society that they find themselves in. In a sense, ethnicity becomes a question of politics and economics. Their social situation also has an important impact on the way they will accept or listen to sermons directed to them. Furthermore, because of their cultural backgrounds, they will have different views regarding Christianity and the message it brings. Economic class is another cultural frame through which immigrants view their world. Because they have to work a lot and meet their needs, a lot of immigrants would rather go to work on Sundays rather than attend church and listen to the sermon. This should also be taken into account by preachers. After all, a pastor or a priest talking to middle class families will not make much sense to an immigrant who is barely making a living, in the same way that middle class could not relate with preaching directed towards rich people. After dealing fully with the cultural frame, the authors then enumerate several areas in the frame under consideration, which preachers, pastors, and even priests should take into account as they minister through preaching to a multicultural congregation. In conclusion to the chapters dealing with these cultural frames, the authors suggest several strategies in preaching to a multicultural congregation. People from other parts of the world tend to bring with them their own religion. When they enter the United States, they might have come from a Buddhist, Islamic, or non-Christian religions. Each religion would have its own worldview and assumptions about the world. Hence, there is also a challenge in communicating with people from different religions. But in a manner of speaking, those who have a similar concept of a personal God might be easier to talk to than those from polytheistic religions. In the final chapter of the book, Niemann and Rogers provided a discussion on the ministry of preachers and their role in this fast changing world. Multiculturalism is another issue that they have to deal with if they were to minister effectively to their congregations. With globalization raging all over the world and as people become more mobile, the challenges of preaching can easily become gargantuan. The authors, therefore, provided several means in which preachers and pastors can do this. The authors dealt with cultural diversity in the churches. However, they did not dwell much on the social advocacy part of the issue. Nonetheless, the authors did a good job of helping church workers be jolted awake in dealing with cultural diversity. The world tends to be confusing and more difficult to deal with because of a great deal of issues. Yet, the authors have drawn upon God’s word and actual experiences in the field to draw out interesting concepts and strategies to deal with this cultural diverse world created by God. The Authors   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Both James R. Niemann and Thomas G. Rogers teach Homiletics. The former teaches at Wartburg Theological Seminary while the latter is Associate Professor at Pacific Lutheran Theological Seminary. Both authors are Lutheran in background. Even with their background, the authors were able to transcend denominational differences to become relevant to most denominations, including the Roman Catholic Church since the issue they are dealing with affects not only protestant churches, but every church in general. Cultural Diversity and the Challenge of the Times Cultural diversity can no longer be prevented. In fact, it might grow even more pronounced in the coming years as more and more countries become open to each other. Because of this diversity, people from different cultural backgrounds will have different and radical interpretations even if they were listening to the same message. Niemann and Rogers’ book helps preachers deal with this. In the process, they are also helping congregations in the long run in understanding God’s word preached to them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Preaching to Every Pew† is a relevant book to our times—for mainline protestant denomination and even for the Roman Catholic Church. The book provides a comprehensive look at how culture shapes the worldviews of people and how it influences the already complicated process of communication. Since preaching is a form of communication involving the word of God, the authors then outline principles and practices based on scriptures and on actual practice so that preaching can be more dynamic in dealing with cultural diversity. In this regard, the book is a very useful tool for pastors, priests and even lay preachers. It helps them become more relevant and interesting. Hopefully, by consulting this book, pastors, preachers, and priests can avoid becoming boring and insensitive in the church. Rather, they can become dynamic and sensitive to the cultural diversity that God has instituted in the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The authors have provided great insights into the cross-cultural nature of society. These are grounded in biblical principles and practical application. Yet, there is no alternative for loving people and treating them as neighbors in accordance with what the Bible teaches. Differences may be there but through cross-cultural strategies, pastors, preachers and priests can truly help in making these Christians one although diverse. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Church is Christ’s legacy. It is His instrument in working out His will on the planet. The church, on the other hand, even through its flaws and mistakes, is called upon to initiate people into the wonderful experience of following Christ. This is done best by preaching and actual means of reaching out to people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The issue of immigration has been going on in the United States for the past decades. As this trend goes on, the Church is called upon to rethink its strategies and its framework in dealing with an increasingly becoming multicultural society. Although preaching is still a good way of reaching out to these immigrants, additional strategies are needed so that they can become more receptive to the message that the church has to offer. If they were tapped and immersed in the life of the church in the United States, these immigrants can add vibrancy and dynamism to the church through their different perspectives[2]. Christ, as the model of the Church, loved people and accepted them. In the course of his ministry, he showed cultural relevance and sensitivity. The church should no less than follow his footsteps. Otherwise, it fails to be relevant and it fails the mandate given to it by Christ.   Niemann and Rogers have done a great job in showing to the church and Christians alike how to devised strategies and techniques dealing with multiculturalism in the society and in the church. Bibliography Niemann, James R. and Thomas G. Rogers. Preaching to Every Pew: Cross-Cultural Strategies. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2001. Warner, R. Stephen and Judith G. Wittner. Gatherings in Diaspora: Religious Communities and the New Immigration. Temple University Press, 1998 [1] Niemann, James R. and Thomas G. Rogers. Preaching to Every Pew: Cross-Cultural Strategies. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2001. (p. 18) [2] Warner, R. Stephen and Judith G. Wittner. Gatherings in Diaspora: Religious Communities and the New Immigration. Temple University Press, 1998, p. 368.   

Disease, Decay and Poison in Hamlet Essay

William Shakespeares Hamlet has been considered the greatest tragedy to have ever been written, in which the theme of disease, decay and poison is embedded deep within the well-known plot of the play. Such theme is developed through the actions, dialogues and figurative language of the characters. These morbid images that are incorporated not only help the audience in grasping Hamlets true emotion, but also play a significant role in characterization, plot development and metaphorical message of the play. Ideas about death and physical decay constantly recur in much of the imagery in Hamlet not only in order to depict the character development and convey Hamlets true emotions to the audience, but also to serve as a metaphorical message on a larger scale. For instance, the imagery of decay is utilized to help comprehend the depression Hamlet feels in his first soliloquy about suicide: O that this too sullied flesh would melt, thaw, and resolve itself into a dew (I.ii 129-130), followed by his comparison of the world to an unweeded garden. This is the first time that Hamlet unleashes his thoughts on the situation and creates a visualization of death. Hamlet thus communicates with the audience putting strong emphasis on his desire not to exist in this world anymore. An image of Hamlets flesh rotting is produced, followed by a picture of a beautiful garden corrupted by disastrous weeds that will destroy the good life. At this moment the audience can grasp Hamlets true emotions as they are able to feel the pain and his yearn for death. Thus, the real imagery about the way Hamlet feels is brought forth. Furthermore, when Laertes comes to the castle to get information on his fathers murder, the hysterical Ophelia pretends to give him different flowers that represent something, but when she comes to the violets, which resembles faithfulness, she says that they have all withered when my father died (IV.v 182). In this quote, the imagery of decay is present because both her father and the flowers have died. This quote is significant to the play as a whole as it is a metaphorical image of corruption and moral decay plaguing not only the characters, but the whole area of Denmark as well, thus foreshadowing the eventual collapse of the nation. This metaphor once again appears in the dialogue when Marcellus states: Something is rotten in the state of Denmark (I.iv. 100), thus foreshadowing the corrupt nature of Denmark leading to the breakdown of the royal family. Therefore,  Shakespeares references to death and decay clearly reveal Hamlets desperate state of mind, simultaneously serving as a political metaphor which implies that the whole state is rotting. Another significant recurring image throughout Hamlet is poison., which plays a significant role in plot development. Poison is also an important theme in the play, which is the main instrument of death. A seminal death image, which brings about the first and most important murder in the play, is the poisoning of Old Hamlet, directed deliberately by his uncle as he lies sleeping in his orchard. Sleeping within my orchard, my custom always of the afternoon, upon my secure hour thy uncle stole, with juice of cursed hebona in a vial, and in the porches of my ears did pour the leprous distilment, whose effect holds such an enmity with blood of man that swift as quicksilver it courses through the natural gates and alleys of the body (I.v. 66-75) The audiences thus run into poison when we learn about the death of King Hamlet, who was killed by his brother pouring poison into his ear. The mention of poison holds a great amount of significance as it is used as a device that leads Hamlet to contemplate revenge upon Claudius. During the players reenactment of the crime in the later plot, the poison poured into Old Hamlets ear reappears. The recurring imagery of poison can be interpreted as a metaphorical message throughout the play as poison is being poured into ears in the form of gossip, suggestions of revenge, slander, evil thoughts that spreads sickness and disease upon the entire court of Denmark. Here, thou incestuous, murdrous, damned Dane, drink off this potion Follow my mother (V, 11, 302-304). Eventually, Hamlet mom Gertrude is killed by a poisonous drink, which is followed by Hamlet, Claudius, Laertes who are also killed by the poisonous rapier. The use of irony and retributive justice in the play becomes apparent when Claudius uses poison to kill King Hamlet and in the end, the same poison kills him, as well as his wife, Laertes and Hamlet. After all, it is the use of poison that starts the story and unravels the denouement, thus possessing an important role in plot development. The somber and dark images of sickness and disease are constantly brought up in Hamlet, and shadow the corruption pervading the recent and future events  of the castle. Throughout such images, Shakespeare succeeds in creating an atmosphere of cold and desolated darkness. Early in the first scene, when Francisco and Barnardo are standing watch, Francisco says: Tis better cold, and I am sick at heart? (I.i.8-9). Franciscos sickness foreshadows the sickness which is entering Denmark. The sickness in Denmark continues when Horatio is contemplating the reasons for the ghosts appearance. Was sick almost to doomsday with eclipse? (I.i.132). Horatio is describing the conditions in Rome just before the murder of Julius Caesar and he believes that the appearance of the Ghost is a portent to Denmark, as the sick moon was a portent to Rome. These quotes are significant because they create an ominous atmosphere for the entire play. In Hamlets first soliloquy, he says: Things rank and gross in nature, possess it merely? (I.ii.140-141). Hamlet apparently feels that the whole world is diseased. The sickness motif plays a significant role in the characterization of Hamlet, as it is extended with questions of Hamlets mental health as the story progresses. Hamlets dialogues related sickness and disease throughout the play reflects not only the outward condition which causes Hamlets spiritual illness, but also his own state. Indeed, the shock of the discovery of his fathers murder and the sight of his mothers conduct have had a traumatic effect on Hamlet to the extent that when the play opens he has already begun to die internally, as all the springs of life are being gradually infected. Therefore, it is necessary to notice the repetitive use of phrases related to sickness and disease in the dialogues, for it creates an ominous atmosphere throughout the play and further aids in the character development of Hamlet. In conclusion, the theme of disease, decay and poison is important throughout the play as it is incorporated with the aim of revealing Hamlets state of mind, conveying political messages, and adding greater significant to the plot development and characterization. Shakespeare successfully achieved his goal through utilizing the dominant theme of the play. As a result, the play has been making a long-lasting impression on the audiences. Bibliography http://everything2.com/index.pl?node=Hamlethttp://www.azete.com/preview/7098www.ibiblio.org/schools/rls/garner/britishlit/hamlet.pdf

Alice s Intake And Autobiography - 3279 Words

Alice s Intake and Autobiography Client Name: Alice Therapist’s Name: Diane Porche Date of Birth: Unknown Intake Date: September 20, 2014 Identifying Information Age: Alice 25 years of age Gender: Female College student Marital Status: Single Race or ethnic information: unknown Occupation: Nurse Assistant Living Circumstance: presently living alone Referral source: Self-referral Reason for referral: Depression, and isolation Reason for Counseling Alice enters my office wanting to work on her anxiety and mood changes. There were some general goals aligned with her assessing a desire to be less anxious and to control sudden mood changes. She also stated she would like to turn her life around, but has no idea where to start. Alice notes she is not bleak. She has enough guts to leave a lot of her shady past behind and enrolled into college. Presenting Problem/Symptoms/History Alice notes of experiencing these symptoms since childhood. Alice states that people scare her, especially when she is around strong men. Alice reports feeling cold, sweaty, and troubling nervousness when around man who are attracted to her. She states she has an inferiority complex and knows how to put yourself down. Alice main concern is feeling equal with others and not always apologetic for her existence. She does not want to suffer from anxiety and guilt, and start thinking of herself as a good person. The client all as noted she s loner,Show MoreRelatedMy Simple Autobiography7283 Words   |  29 PagesRunning Head: Autobiography Part A Life is tough, yes it is. It makes you bleed, lick your wounds, and also gives you strength to get up and move on with whatever you have. Life is also surprising. It has the most amazing and sometimes, the scariest lessons in stores for us. No, I am not being melodramatic. I have had a perfect normal, healthy life so far like any other typical American but its just that, this age is depressing. With too much going on around us, every American is just too confusedRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul SingaporeRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesAmerica Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman

Critical Incident - 3681 Words

Critical Incident A Reflective Essay Rich Parker 2001 defines critical incidents as snapshots of something that happens to a patient, their family or healthcare professional. It may be something positive, or it could be a situation where someone has suffered in some way. Reflecting on critical incidents will allow me to explore and analyse incidents and how it has affects me and what I hope to do with these effects in the course of my training towards becoming a registered practitioner. It also gives me the opportunity of changing my way of thinking or practice, as I learn valuable lessons when I reflect on an incident. This helps me to develop self-awareness and skills in critical thinking and problem solving (Rich Parker 2001).†¦show more content†¦I was thinking to myself if they have asked questions or done any research about CCU they will most likely be thinking their son’s situation is hopeless. It is important to label and date all the lines as this helps to know what each is used for and how lo ng it has been in situ for. Also care should be taken when moving patients to ensure the stay in place as it can be very uncomfortable and difficult to reinsert a cannula on a patient as most of them are oeadematous. As I was involved in the care of the patient I had to explain to the wife why her husband was connected to a ventilator and it use. A ventilator is an artificial breathing machine that moves oxygen-enriched air in and out of your lungs. If your lungs have failed and you cannot breathe on your own, you will need to be attached to a ventilator (See appendix 3). Being helped to breathe by a ventilator means that you will usually need to be sedated. Ventilators can offer different levels of breathing assistance. If you only need help breathing for a couple of days, it is likely you will have an endotracheal tube from the ventilator to your mouth or nose. The tube will usually be held in place behind your neck as was the case with my patient. However, if you need help with breathing for more than a few days, you may have a short operation called a tracheostomy. This replaces the tube in your mouth with a shorter tube that is placed directly into your trachea. As well as being more comfortable,Show MoreRelatedCritical Incidents Of Academic Institutions870 Words   |  4 Pages Critical Incidents in Academic Institutions The critical incident technique is used to gather and analyze an employees behavior through methods such as observation and interviews (Andersson Nilsson,1964). This technique is useful in collecting information regarding behavior that amounts to successful or unsuccessful in a performance (Peterson, Jeanneret, 2007). 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Motives That Contributed to Imperialism - 732 Words

MOTIVES THAT CONTRIBUTED TO IMPERIALISM Imperialism is defined in the dictionary as being a The policy of extending a nations authority by territorial acquisition or by establishing economic and political hegemony over other nations (p 681 American Heritage college Dictionary). Usually people associate imperialism as being the domination of a small country by a larger, more powerful country, usually to the advantage of the larger country. At the beginning of the nineteenth century most of the countries in Europe were involved in imperialism. Each country had its own motives for wanting to gain an empire and some of the reason were Economic, Political, Religious and Exploitation. Although all of the above are valid reasons,†¦show more content†¦In so many ways, the political motive was inevitable, as it was almost impossible to follow an economic agenda without substantial or total control. However, religious imperialism required additional motivation. 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Ap Biology Cells Have Kinetic Energy Essay Sample free essay sample

Cells have kinetic energy. This causes the molecules of the cell to travel about and knock into each other. Diffusion is one consequence of this molecular motion. Diffusion is the random motion of molecules from an country of higher concentration to countries of lower concentration. Osmosis is a particular sort of diffusion where H2O moves through a selectively permeable membrane ( a membrane that merely allows certain molecules to spread though ) . Diffusion or osmosis occurs until dynamic equilibrium has been reached. This is the point where the concentrations in both countries are equal and no net motion will happen from one country to another. If two solutions have the same solute concentration. the solutions are said to be isosmotic. If the solutions differ in concentration. the country with the higher solute concentration is hypertonic and the country with the lower solute concentration is hypotonic. Since a hypotonic solution contains a higher degree of solute. We will write a custom essay sample on Ap Biology: Cells Have Kinetic Energy Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page it has a high solute potency and low H2O potency. This is because H2O potency and solute potency are inversely relative. A hypotonic solution would hold a high H2O potency and a low solute potency. An isosmotic solution would hold equal solute and H2O potencies. Water potency ( Y ) is composed of two chief things. a physical force per unit area constituent. force per unit area potency ( yp ) . and the effects of solutes. solute potency ( Y ) . A expression to demo this relationship is y = yp + Y. Water will ever travel from countries of high H2O potency to countries of low H2O potency. The force of H2O in a cell against its plasma membrane causes the cell to hold turgor force per unit area. which helps keep the form of the cell. When H2O moves out of a cell. the cell will free turgor force per unit area along with H2O potency. Turgor force per unit area of a works cell is normally attained while in a hypotonic solution. The loss of H2O and turgor force per unit area while a cell is in a hypertonic solution is called plasmolysis. Hypothesis: During these experiments. it will be proven that diffusion and osmosis occur between solutions of different concentrations until dynamic equilibrium is reached. impacting the cell by doing plasmolysis or increased turgor force per unit area during the procedure. Materials: Lab 1A – To get down Lab 1A. first collect the coveted equipment. The stuffs needed are dialysis tubing. Iodine Potassium Iodide ( IKI ) solution. 15 % glucose/ 1 % starch solution. glucose Testape or Lugol’s solution. distilled H2O. and a 250-mL beaker. Lab 1B – For Lab 1B you will necessitate to roll up six presoaked dialysis tubing strips. distilled H2O ; 0. 2M. 0. 4M. 0. 6M. 0. 8M. and a 1. 0M sucrose solution ; six 250-mL beakers or cups. and a graduated table. Lab 1C – Lab 1C these points are needed: a murphy. knife. murphy nucleus bore bits. six different solutions. and a graduated table. Lab 1D – During Lab 1D. merely paper. pencil. and a reckoner will be needed to do the computations. Lab 1E – N Lab 1E these points are needed: a microscope slide. cover faux pas. onion cells. light microscope. and a 15 % NaCl solution. Procedures: Lab 1A – After garnering the stuffs. pour glucose/starch solution into dialysis tube and shut the bag. Test the solution for presence of glucose. Test the beaker of distilled H2O and IKI for presence of glucose. Put the dialysis bag into the beaker and allow stand for 30 proceedingss. When clip is up test both the bag and the beaker for presence of glucose. Record all informations in tabular array. Lab 1B – Obtain the six strips of dialysis tube and make full each with a solution of a different molar concentration. Mass each bag. Put each bag into a beaker of distilled H2O and Lashkar-e-Taiba stand for half and hr. After 30 proceedingss is up. take each bag and find its mass. Record all informations in its appropriate tabular array. Lab 1C – utilizing the murphy nucleus bore bit. obtain 24 cylindrical pieces of murphy. four for each cup. Determine the mass of the four cylinders. Immerse four cylinders into each of the six beakers or cups. Let stand nightlong. Aft er clip is up. take the nucleuss from the sucrose solutions and mass them. Record all informations in its appropriate tabular array. Lab 1D – Using the paper. pencil. and reckoner collected. find solute potencies of the solutions and reply the inquiries asked to better understand this peculiar portion of the lab. Lab 1E – Using the stuffs gathers. fix a wet saddle horse slide of the cuticle of an onion. Pull what you see of the onion cell under the microscope. Add several beads of the NaCl solution to the slide. Now draw the visual aspect of the cell. Datas: Lab 1A – Table 1. 1 | Contents | Initial Color| Final Color| Initial Presence of Glucose| FinalPresence of Glucose| Bag| 15 % Glucose/ 1 % Starch Solution| clear| Dark blue| +| +| Beaker| H2O+IKI| Orange to brown| Orange to brown| _| +| Lab 1A Questions 1 ) Glucose is go forthing the bag and Iodine-Potassium-Iodide is come ining the bag. The alteration in colour of the contents of the bag and the presence of glucose in the bag turn out this. 2 ) In the consequences. the IKI moved from the beaker to the bag. this caused the alteration in the colour of the bag. The IKI moved into the bag to do the concentrations outside the bag equal to inside the bag. The glucose solution moved out of the bag doing glucose nowadays in the beaker. The glucose moved to do the solute concentration indoors and out of the bag equal. 3 ) If the initial and concluding per centum concentration of glucose and IKI for in the bag and the beaker were given. they would demo the differences and turn out the motion of these substances to make dynamic equilibrium. 4 ) Based on my observations. the smallest substance was the IKI molecule. so the glucose molecules. H2O molecules. membrane pore. and so the amylum molecules being the largest. 5 ) If the experiment start ed with glucose and IKI inside the bag and amylum in the beaker. the glucose and IKI would travel out of the bag to do the concentrations equal. but the amylum could non travel into the bag because its molecules are excessively large to go through through the semipermeable membrane. Lab 1B – Table 1. 2 Dialysis Bag Results Contentss in dialysis bag| Initial mass| Final mass| Mass difference| Percent alteration in mass| a ) distilled water| 26. 5g| 26. 6g| 0. 1g| 0. 4 % | B ) 0. 2M| 28. 1g| 29. 3g| 1. 2g| 4. 3 % | degree Celsius ) 0. 4M| 27. 3g| 30. 1g| 2. 8g| 10. 3 % |vitamin D ) 0. 6M| 28. 3g| 32. 3g| 4. 0g| 14. 1 % |vitamin E ) 0. 8M| 25. 9g| 30. 7g| 4. 8g| 18. 5 % |degree Fahrenheit ) 1. 0M| 26. 7g| 32. 9g| 6. 2g| 23. 2 % |Table 1. 3 Dialysis Bag Results: Class Datas| Group 1| Group 2| Group 3| Group 4| Total| Class Average|Distilled Water| 0. 4 % | 1. 16 % | 0. 79 % | 1. 54 % | 3. 89 % | 1. 0 % | 0. 2M| 4. 3 % | 5. 99 % | 6. 44 % | 5. 94 % | 22. 67 % | 5. 67 % |0. 4M| 10. 3 % | 10. 49 % | 10. 33 % | 8. 45 % | 39. 57 % | 9. 89 % |0. 6M| 14. 1 % | 14. 86 % | 16. 04 % | 15. 1 % | 60. 1 % | 15. 03 % |0. 8M| 18. 5 % | 19. 80 % | 17. 97 % | 20. 0 % | 76. 27 % | 19. 07 % |1. 0M| 23. 2 % | 18. 77 % | 23. 55 % | 21. 9 % | 87. 42 % | 21. 86 % | Lab 1B Questions:1 ) The molar concentration of the saccharose in the bag determines the sum of H2O that either moves into or out of the bag. which changes the mass. For illustration. when the bag contained a 0. 2M solution. H2O entered the bag to do the concentrations inside and outside of the bag more equal. As this happened. the mass rose 1. 2g 2 ) If each of the bags were placed into a 0. 4M solution alternatively of distilled H2O. the multitudes of the bags would hold changed in different ways. The mass of the bags filled with distilled H2O and 0. 2M saccharose would hold gone down because H2O would hold left the bag. The mass of the 0. 4M bag would hold stayed the same because the concentrations are now equal. The multitudes of the 0. 6. 0. 8. and 1. 0M bags would hold increased because H2O would hold moved into the bag to equalise the concentrations. 3 ) In the information collected. the per centum alteration in mass was calculated to demo how greatly the mass increased or dec reased. The difference in mass is non plenty to travel by because the initial multitudes of the dialysis bags were non all the same. 4 ) If a dialysis bag’s initial mass was 20g and it’s concluding mass was 18g. the per centum alteration in mass is 20 % . 5 ) The sucrose solution in the beaker would hold been hypotonic to the distilled H2O in the bag. Lab 1C Table 1. 4 Contentss of Beaker| Initial Mass| Final Mass| Difference in Mass| % Change in Mass| Initial Temp. | Final Temp. | Distilled Water| 1. 5g| 2. 0g| 0. 5g| 33 % | 20Â °C| 20Â °C| 0. 2M| 1. 5g| 1. 6g| 0. 1g| 7 % | 21Â °C| 20Â °C| 0. 4M| 1. 5g| 1. 6g| 0. 1g| 7 % | 20Â °C| 20Â °C|0. 6M| 1. 5g| 1. 5g| 0. 0g| 0 % | 21Â °C| 20Â °C|0. 8M| 1. 5g| 1. 2g| -0. 3g| -20 % | 21Â °C| 20Â °C|1. 0M| 1. 5g| 1. 4g| -0. 1g| -7 % | 20Â °C| 20Â °C|Lab 1C Table 1. 5 Class ConsequencesPercentage Change in Mass of Potato Cores||| Group 1| Group 2| Group 3| Group 4| Total| Class Average| Distilled Water| 33 % | 35. 29 % | 25 % | 31. 25 % | 124. 54 % | 31. 14 % | 0. 2M| 7 % | 29. 41 % | 25 % | 13. 33 % | 74. 74 % | 18. 69 % |0. 4M| 7 % | 11. 11 % | -12. 5 % | -12. 5 % | -6. 89 % | -1. 7 % |0. 6M| 0 % | -15. 79 % | -18. 75 % | -20 % | -54. 54 % | -13. 64 % |0. 8M| -20 % | -15. 79 % | -18. 75 % | -25 % | -79. 54 % | -19. 89 % | 1. 0M| -7 % | 0 % | -18. 75 % | -20 % | -45. 75 % | -11. 44 % || | | | | | | | Lab 1 D Questions:1 ) The H2O potency of the murphy nucleus after desiccating will diminish because the H2O within the murphy would vaporize and therefore lower the H2O potency. 2 ) The solute concentration of the works cell is hypertonic because the solute concentration is higher than the H2O concentration. Because of this. H2O will spread into the cell to make dynamic equilibrium. 3 ) The force per unit area potency of the system is equal to 0. 4 ) The H2O potency is greater in the dialysis bag. 5 ) Water will spread out of the bag since the H2O potency is higher in the bag and H2O moves from countries of higher H2O potency to countries of lower H2O potency. 6 ) Zucchini nucleuss placed in sucrose solutions at 27Â °C resulted in the undermentioned per centum alterations after 24 hours: Percentage Change in Mass | Sucrose Molarity| 20 % | Distilled Water|10 % | 0. 2M|-3 % | 0. 4M|-17 % | 0. 6M|-25 % | 0. 8M|-30 % | 1. 0M| 8 ) ys=-iCRTys=- ( 1 ) ( 0. 35 ) ( 0. 0831 ) ( 295 )ys=-8. 580075y=0+ysy=0+ ( -8. 580075 )y=-8. 5800759 ) Adding solute to a solution increases solute potency because the solute concentration additions. 10 ) The distilled H2O would hold a higher concentration of H2O molecules and would besides hold a higher H2O potency. The ruddy blood cells would increase in size because H2O is traveling from the country of higher H2O potency ( the distilled H2O ) to the country of lower H2O potency ( the ruddy blood cells ) until dynamic equilibrium is reached. Lab 1E Questions 1 ) After fixing a wet saddle horse slide. I have observed the onion cells under magnification and they appear to be little. empty boxes pushed closely together. 2 ) By adding two or three beads of NaCl the cells should hold shrunk. but no alteration took topographic point. 3 ) The cells maintained the same form. 4 ) Plasmolysis is the lose of H2O and turgor force per unit area in a cell. 5 ) The onion cells should hold plasmolyzed because the country environing them had a lower H2O potency and H2O should hold moved out of the cells. 6 ) Grasses that live on the sides of roads that have been salted in the winter terminal to dies because the H2O is drained from the cells as it moves out of the grass cells into the hypertonic NaCl country around it. Lab 1D Plasmolysis of Cells – Drawings of onion cells 100XOnion Cells in Distilled Water*Picture Of onion cells in saline non available.Mistake Analysis:Lab 1A – The informations collected in this lab experiment did non look to incorporate any incompatibilities. so hence no human mistake is detected. Lab 1B – In this lab experiment. the information seems to be compliant with the informations collected by the other lab groups. so no human mistake was thought to hold happened. Lab 1C – There was some disagreement in this experiment in the 1. 0M solution’s per centum alteration in mass of murphy nucleuss. The information decreases systematically until the 1. 0M solution. so human mistake is thought to be a factor in this. Some errors that could hold taken topographic point are misreckonings in initial and concluding multitudes or jobs with the molar concentration of the solution itself. Lab 1D – In this portion of the lab. lone computations were made. so no human mistake likely occurred during this clip. Lab 1E – In portion 1E. after adding the NaCl solution to the onion cells. the cells should hold reduced in size. but no reaction took topographic point. This may hold occurred in portion because the onion itself was already dried out and dehydrated. or while the onion was being looked at through the microscope. the heat from it may hold caused the cells to loose H2O. Decision: During the experiment conducted in Lab 1A. the consequences and informations collected make it possible to reason that glucose and Iodine Potassium Iodide can go through through a selectively permeable membrane and will if the concentrations on either side are non equal. In Lab 1B. it can be concluded that saccharose can non go through over a selectively permeable membrane. but alternatively H2O molecules will travel across the membrane to the country of lower H2O potency to make dynamic equilibrium. Lab 1C provided information that helps to reason that murphies do incorporate sucrose molecules. This can be stated because the nucleuss took in H2O while they were emerged in the distilled H2O. This means they had a lower H2O potency and higher solute potency than the distilled H2O. The solute potency is equal to about a 0. 6M solution of sucrose harmonizing to the informations collected. During Lab 1D computations were made and inquiries were answered to assist give a better apprehensi on of H2O and solute potency. If the onion cell experiment in portion 1E of the lab would hold produced right consequences. decisions could hold been made. It is thought that the onion cells would hold plasmolyzed due to the add-on of NaCl to the cells. This shows how the onion cells had high H2O potency and moved to the country outside the cell with lower H2O potency. Then. after adding H2O back to the cells. H2O would hold moved back into the cells increasing turgor force per unit area. The H2O potency played an tremendous function in each portion of this lab. Since H2O moves countries of high H2O potency to countries of low H2O potency. reactions took topographic point in each portion ensuing in different decisions being derived from them. Water potency was a cardinal component in each portion of the experiment. In works and animate being cells. loss or addition of H2O can hold different effects. In a works cell. it is ideal to hold an isosmotic solution. If the solution is hypertonic. the cell will shrink fro m deficiency of H2O consumption. Inversely. if the solution is hypotonic the cell could take in excessively much H2O and the cell will lyse and interrupt unfastened. For a works cell. the ideal solution is a hypotonic solution because the cell takes in H2O increasing turgor force per unit area which keeps the cells tightly packed and maintain their form. If the solution is hypertonic. the cell will plasmolyze and died from deficiency of H2O. In an isosmotic solution. the works cell does non hold adequate turgor force per unit area to maintain is form.